Chopin, Nocturne Op 55 No 2

Chopin in Great Britain, trying to make ends meet

Karl Marx's essay entitled "The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850", addresses the political and economic process that took place in France during those years. The process exploded on February 23, 1848, in Paris, causing the fall of king Luis Felipe and the flight of the imperial family to England fraternally accompanied by the Parisian aristocracy and nobility. But the essay does not say a word that, as a result of those same events, a Polish musician living in the City Light was left without students.

Indeed, with Paris engulfed in flames and bristling with barricades, Frédérik Chopin's students chose to "freeze" the lessons and start off towards their summer houses in the countryside or, openly, cross the English Channel. In addition to the barricades, the city was rocked by a phenomenal decline in all cultural and artistic activities, including music. A few days before the uprising, on February 16, Chopin managed to give one last concert, but by the end of March he was in an unprecedented situation: he simply had no way to earn a living.

Jane Stirling
Fortunately, Chopin had had an enviable student from Scotland for several years. The lady, quietly in love with Frédérik, was 44 years old and named Jane Stirling. She lived in Paris for half the year, to take lessons, along with her sister, who did not take piano lessons but it is credible that she was engaged in some other cultural activity. The pair of sisters advised Chopin to travel to England, where, they assured him, London's high society would compete for the favour of the pianist and the teacher since his name and prestige were well recognized there.

10 Bentinck Street, London. With some goodwill,
the reminder plaque in the center can be distinguished.

Travel to England
Despite his poor health (he would die the following year) Chopin agreed to the proposal and, drawing on the income obtained at the February concert, on April 21 he was already in London, with some letters of introduction under his arm.

He was received and welcomed by Jane's friends who installed him comfortably at No. 10 Bentinck Street, in Cavendish Square, from where he had to rush off a few days later as it was a little expensive, settling in later at 48 Dover Street, in Piccadilly, more affordable.

The Stirling sisters were not wrong. Before long, Frédérik had given many paid concerts that brought him a good amount of money. He also gained access to the best of London society, which allowed him to meet Carlyle and Dickens. In addition, it had a good number of students. The only problem was that these were forgetful when it came to paying:

"I am badly in need of money. People are mischievous here. If they want to avoid something, they just go to the fields. One of my students left without paying me nine lessons."

Scotland

In June, the London aristocracy left the city as well, but to enjoy the summer. Frédérik was left alone again, but affectionate Jane came to his aid again. She invited him to Scotland to his relatives' house. After a twelve-hour train ride, Chopin arrived in Edinburgh on August 5. A Polish doctor was waiting for him there, whom Jane Stirling had strongly entrusted to take care of Frédéric's health. After a few days in a hotel, Chopin moved into Jane's brother-in-law's house.

Nocturne N ° 2 Opus 55
Miss Stirling was not only a good friend of Frédérik. She also seems to have been a very outstanding student, since we know that the two nocturnes of Opus 55, composed in 1843, were dedicated to her.

We are listening to Nocturne No 2 in the rendition by the Hungarian pianist Ivett Gyöngyösi. International Chopin Competition, 2015.

Beethoven: Symphony No 7 - Allegreto

Ludwig Spohr, a musician and Beethoven's contemporary who came to enjoy the composer's friendship, tells in his autobiography that in the rehearsal prior to the premiere of his Seventh Symphony, the 43-year-old maestro was so deaf that he could not hear the quiet passages of his own work. During the allegro – Spohr tell us –, a couple of these passages confused Beethoven and for a long time the orchestra walked on one side and him on the other. So, when the time came when, according to his own account, an orchestral forte had to be played, Beethoven bent down and spread his arms to underline it ... but nothing happened. The poor deaf maestro came out of his confusion ten or twelve bars later, when the orchestra played the forte and then he was able to hear it.

The premiere of the Seventh Symphony took place in Vienna on December 8, 1813, to great success. It had been five years since Beethoven had offered a new symphony to the Viennese public. Therefore, it was received with great enthusiasm. A few days later it was performed again, and just like in the premiere, the famous Allegretto, the second of its four movements (Poco Sostenuto - vivace / Allegretto / Presto / Allegro con brio), had to be repeated at the request of the public.

The work had been devised around 1811, although sketches dating back to 1806 have been found for the Allegretto. The popularity of the second movement is largely due to its simplicity: a simple rhythmic idea, a series of quarter notes and two eighth notes, repeatedly heard (an ostinato), give way to a Schubertian melody.

Vienna Philarmonic Orchestra, conducted by Georg Solti.

Beethoven's opinion ... and others
Beethoven regarded Symphony No. 7 as one of his best works. Subsequently, great composers, including Richard Wagner, spared no praise for the work. However, the maestro did have to deal with rude criticism from some of his contemporaries. Perhaps one of the greatest invectives was that of Professor Friedrich Wieck, the father of Clara Schumann, who did insinuate that Beethoven would have composed the work while being a little intoxicated.

But the resounded applause was for an English critic, who in 1826 pointed out:

"... it is impossible to discover in the work any scheme, nor to notice any connection between its parts. It seems to have been conceived as an enigma, but rather we dare to think that it is a mockery, a deception, a scam."

It's not easy to please everybody.

Ravel, "La Valse", the apotheosis of waltz

French composer Maurice Ravel was not very tall. He was only six feet six. For this reason, when World War I broke out, he thought he could make his contribution in defence of the homeland from the incipient branch of aviation, because his short stature, in turn, implied a little weight. However, all his attempts to be enrolled as an aviator were in vain, and he was eventually dispatched to the Verdun front as an ambulance driver.

During the war, six of his friends fell in combat. His mother also died, in 1917. At the end of the war, Ravel was devastated, an insistent discouragement besieged him and the beginning of a creative block seemed to be prevailing.
But in 1919, Russian music critic and ballet entrepreneur Sergei Diaghilev brought him back to creative work by commissioning him to write a ballet to be staged by the school of dancers and choreographers Diaghilev had created ten years ago, the Russian Ballets company.

Maurice Ravel (1875 - 1937)

Maurice was attracted by the project. Since 1906, the idea of ​​an orchestrated piece paying homage to the "waltz" form and by the way to Johann Strauss Jr., has long been in his mind. Ravel had in high esteem the greatest exponent of this dance in the past century. Even the idea already had a title, "Vienna". So, it was enough for Maurice to rethink the concept, working with the available material in a new way.

The result was the 13-minute choreographic poem La Valse, which was brought forward to Diaghilev in 1920. The Russian guy did not agree and rejected it. He later commented among his acquaintances that this was not a ballet but a painting of a ballet.

Ravel, who was a celebrity in Europe at that point, was not amused by the comment, and the relationship between the two artists was broken forever. La Valse, then, had to be presented as a concert piece, with its premiere in December 1920. It was only six years later that it made its choreographic premiere, in Antwerp, in October 1926.

Ravel made a version for two pianos a few years later, but it is the concert piece version the one that is currently most frequently performed on world stages. It is the one we now hear, in a rendition by the Radio France Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by the South Korean conductor and pianist Myung-Whun Chung.

Although they have an undeniable presence, it is not easy to discover in this piece from the first half of the 20th century, moments that make us evoke Strauss' waltzes and salons from 1850. Likewise, listening to it is not recommended to fall asleep.

Its genesis, just after the war, has given rise to the most diverse and apocalyptic impressions among scholars. That the piece breathes a smell of the end of civilization, a smell of death. Or that its design in one movement graphs the birth, fall, and destruction of a musical form: the waltz.

Filled with great vigour, majesty, compulsion, frenzy, chaos, and in the midst of all this, some melancholy too, the piece is indeed a waltz ... but only to the penultimate measure. With the last one, a binary compass, the work seems to achieve the purpose for which it seemed intended: total dislocation.

For its author, however, everything is simpler. It should only be seen in it – Ravel said – what the music expresses: an ascending progression of sound, to which the stage adds light and movement.

A. Marcello: Oboe Concerto - Adagio

An absolute contemporary of Antonio Vivaldi, the Venetian composer Alessandro Marcello (1673 - 1747) stood out in life, more than because of his music, because of his professional career and social activity as a member of the Venetian nobility. He and his brother Benedetto, both sons of a senator, were two great dilettantes of the time who, given their comfortable social position, were able to indulge in the study of the most diverse disciplines, with a lust for life.

Once finished his law studies, Alessandro also dabbled in poetry, philosophy, mathematics and music. Benedetto was also a musician and until the mid-twentieth century, much of their work was attributed only to him, perhaps because Alessandro came up with a bad idea, ​​publishing his works with a pseudonym, with which he was known in the art circle where he would participate, the famous Pontificia Accademia degli Arcadi.

Oboe Concerto - Adagio
The complete work of Alessandro Marcello is reduced. Just over a dozen cantatas, sonatas for violin and concertos are counted. His best-known work is the Oboe Concerto for Oboe, Strings and continuo which, thanks to the transcription of JS Bach for keyboard, obtained acceptable dissemination for the time, although it later generated reasonable doubts about its authorship. The romantic love story addressed by the 1970 film Anonimo Veneziano finally brought it closer to our days, by incorporating the second movement of the concerto, the adagio, into its soundtrack.

Mendelssohn: Rondó Capriccioso op 14

German musician Félix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy had it all in his short life. The son of banker parents, after some squeamishness his father accompanied him in the idea of ​​becoming a professional musician. Félix accomplished his goal rapidly: at 17 he had already composed the overture for the Shakespearean drama Dream of a Summer Night and at 23 was known in all major European capitals as a concert pianist, conductor and composer. Later, he would happily marry (for only eleven years, sadly) the most beautiful, cultured, and pious girl in Frankfurt.

At Goethe's
So that in his early times everything was going great for Felix. His teacher Carl Friedrich Zelter, a friend of the poet Goethe and somehow his assistant in the art of music, introduced him to the bard's house in 1821. Felix was twelve years old and Zelter was one having a long history vetoing musicians who used to send to the poet his poems musicalized requesting his permission and moral support.

But this was not the case with Mendelssohn. The bard was delighted with that bright and young guest. In November of that year, little Felix wrote to his parents: "I make more music here than at home. Every day after dinner, Goethe opens the piano and says to me: I still haven't heard you today, make a little noise for me".

Notwithstanding the age difference, Mendelssohn's relationship with Goethe will last until his death in 1832. Meanwhile, Félix is ​​going to set several of his poems to music, something that neither Schubert, Beethoven nor Berlioz were able to do. In addition to relentless, the assistant Zelter did not have a good eye.

Rondo Capriccioso, opus 14
The Rondó Capriccio is a piano work composed around 1827 (that is, at eighteen). The work has been highly praised for its beautiful romantic pieces although it seems to be built on brilliance, for the performer's brilliance. The vigorous octaves at the end are proof of this and that is why today it is performed almost exclusively in piano competitions, to gauge the performer's virtuosity.

Therefore, it is quite a novelty to come upon this rendition by the Chilean pianist Claudio Arrau, very young, in a television or radio studio, probably in the United States. We have no further information on the recording. One can only imagine a few things: that Arrau will be about thirty-five years old; that the recording may have been damaged and some cuts were made. Still, it is absolutely worth it. It is shocking to see the serenity of Arrau at the end of the piece. Unlike some of his colleagues, there is no indication in him that his performance has involved a superhuman effort that transported him to an ethereal world from which he must painfully return to the physical world that we all share.