Mozart, Violin Concerto No 5

Excluding the long hiatus of almost a year and a half during which he traveled through central Europe with his mother in search of better airs, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had to put up with his rude patron, Prince-Archbishop Colloredo, for nine years, from August 1772 to May 1781, when the final break occurred after a harsh debate.
From the beginning relations were strained, and from then on they only worsened to the point that the prince-archbishop, during an interview granted to Leopold Mozart in 1777, went so far as to point out to Leopold that his son "knew nothing and what he should do was to go to Naples to learn music at a conservatory".

The six violin concertos
Nevertheless, stifled and mistreated by an ungracious patron in the provincial environment of Salzburg, Mozart produced many of his best works there, some of them composed at an astonishing speed. This is the case of the only six violin concertos indebted to Mozart. Today as true masterpieces, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5 were written in just four months, between September and December 1775, while the vassal Mozart was composing without pause music for religious services and various special occasions.

Concerto for violin and orchestra No. 5, in A major, K. 219
With Concerto No. 5, somewhat crudely called the "Turkish Concerto" (because of the rondo), Mozart managed to create something very much in the line of what the 19th century would come to know as the concerto for solo instrument and orchestra. Although openly framed in the tradition of the "classical" chamber concerto, its long extension  -around 25 minutes- and its great technical demand reveal that a new role has been assigned to the violin as a solo instrument. Not a few concertos of similar stature were written at the same time, but none managed to survive the test of time with the gallantry that Mozart's No. 5 has done.

Movements:
00        Allegro aperto - Adagio - Allegro aperto  -  The only instance in Mozart's concerto repertoire in which the soloist makes his first entrance with a brief adagio independent of the orchestral exposition (Allegro aperto: somewhat more majestic than an ordinary allegro).

10:56   Adagio   -  One of Mozart's longest slow movements, with a beautiful passage in the middle section.

21:54   Rondo - Tempo di Minuetto   -  The best-known movement of the work, with an alla turca section, in the prevailing fashion of the time and which Mozart would replicate three years later by introducing a rondo alla turca, the famous "Turkish March", in the piano sonata in A major.

Belarusian violinist Artiom Shishkov is accompanied by the Belgian ensemble Orchestre Royal de Chambre de Wallonie, conducted by the German maestro Michael Hofstetter.

Aram Khachaturian, "Sabre Dance"

On the web, and in discography, it is customary to illustrate the Sabre Dance with the image of an Arab girl dancing with a sabre on her head, but, actually, there is no oriental dance in which the dancer must practice such choreography. Nonetheless, the image became popular during the 19th century in line with a fashion imposed by French orientalist painters.

La danse pyrrhique

One of these painters was Jean-Léon Gerome, but we have chosen a different painting from him, La danse pyrrhique, to illustrate in a somewhat more genuine way what really happens during the scene The Sabre Dance, from the ballet Gayane, by the Russian composer of Armenian origin Aram Khachaturian. The composer included a suite of dances from Central Asian folklore during the second act. In the middle of two dances of Kurdish origin, the sabre dance evokes a dance of Armenian dancers showing off their skill with the sabre.

A. Khachaturian (1903 - 1978)

The Soviet Homeland... and Armenia
Premiered in December 1942, in the midst of the Second World War, the ballet tells the story of a young Armenian woman whose patriotic convictions conflict with her deepest feelings when she discovers that her husband has betrayed the Soviet homeland. Notwithstanding the thematics akin to the revolutionary process, the composer later had to face the customary sequence of confession and rehabilitation, typical of the Stalinist period.

But Khachaturian came out of it unscathed.

Later he devoted himself to composing works for the theater and cinema. He also became the author of the Armenian National Anthem.

Sabre Dance

The famous dance, of great vitality, includes in its middle section a traditional Armenian theme, more lyrical. Its short duration has facilitated its adaptation for cinema, TV, video games, and advertising, through multiple and varied arrangements. The irresistible and immediate attraction that it exerts on the audiences has also transformed it into one of the most recurrent "workhorses" of the great orchestral ensembles, taking advantage of the bunch of orchestral suites that the author extracted at the time from the ballet.

The performance is by the Berlin Philharmonic, conducted by the English maestro Sir Simon Rattle.

Chopin, mazurka in A minor, op 17 No 4

It has already been said that Chopin was not fond of crowds. He was uncomfortable with those unknown people who curiously watched him from their seats, and so he told on more than one occasion to his fellow friends, Liszt among them. However, during his first years in Paris, the composer appeared in public much more frequently than he would later become accustomed to. Perhaps, it was an imposition of life. Of course, the self-exiled Pole had a pressing need to make himself known in a strange land.

The collaborative concerts
In 1833, when he was 23 years old and had only been in Paris for a little more than two years, he performed at least three times before a large audience. It had all begun shortly before, when in December of the previous year he appeared for the first time in the company of Liszt to perform, together with the pianist and composer Ferdinand Hiller, the allegro from Bach's Concerto for three keyboards. On April 2, 1833, in collaboration with Liszt again, he performed several pieces at a large benefit concert, and the following day, he took part in another concert for four pianos, together with Liszt and two other pianists.

The intimate evenings
For sure, Chopin felt most comfortable in the salons of the nascent Parisian bourgeoisie, or at the soirées offered by the Polish nobles, exiled like him. There he could improvise, or deliver the most refined or personal, presenting before a small audience the first audition of a short work that he would have finished, perhaps that very evening. The Polish nobility, of course, would have greeted with effusion the longing for the land that flowed from Chopin's hands if the composer made them listen to a mazurka, for example, fresh from his most personal and intimate world.

Chopin (1810 - 1849)

1833, a fruitful year
Among several other works, that year he finished the Etudes of opus 10, published the Concerto in E minor and the three Nocturnes of opus 9. He also finished a new series of mazurkas, those of opus 17, which he published the following year in Paris, adding four more pieces to the collection that, at the end of his life, will have 47 published mazurkas. Posthumously, another ten will be added, those the author did not consider worthy of being published.

Mazurka opus 17 N° 4
Originally from the Mazurian region, the mazurka (mazur in Polish) is a dance in 3/4 rhythm. It is danced, and sung. It also can be sung while dancing. But from their national and popular character, Chopin took merely the rhythm, whose cadence requires a more or less prolonged support of the second or third beat of each measure. With a brief duration, their singing is pure Chopinian invention, thus refining the dance, "ennobling its melodies," in Liszt's words. They are generally enveloped by a harmonic mist, and the last piece of opus 17 goes a bit further, to the point that at the beginning it is difficult to recognize the key in which it is written. It would seem that Chopin is improvising, in a salon, for his Parisian admirers. But he is not. Everything is prodigiously controlled.

The rendition is by the American pianist and composer Michael Glenn Williams.

Beethoven, "Eroica" Symphony

More than 200 years after its publication, Beethoven's Third Symphony called "Eroica" is still linked to the legend that it was composed in homage to Napoleon, whose dedication Beethoven erased when he learned that the obscure Corsican officer of a few years earlier had crowned himself emperor with the title Napoleon I.

But the legend is not lacking in substance, for although Beethoven eventually dedicated the work to his patron Prince Lobkowitz, the 1806 publication retained the subtitle "composta per festeggiare il sovvenire d'un gran Uomo", which Beethoven might have removed had his discomfort with the Corsican taken on the magnitude that his pupil Ferdinand Ries reports in his memoirs.

Ries's account
In May 1804, being the work finished but unpublished, Ries came to Beethoven's house with the news of Napoleon's coronation. According to Ries, Beethoven would have screamed his head off, rushing to the table where the manuscript lay to tear it into a thousand pieces, exclaiming that Bonaparte had finally shown himself for what he simply was: an ordinary human being.

It is this story, with no other witness than both of them, that originated the legend, treated as such by scholars, who, given the existence of the aforementioned subtitle, have had no choice but to assign the "celebration and memory of a great man" (in capital letters) to a grandiose addressee, such as Humanity, for example.

Joseph Franz von Lobkowitz
(1772 - 1816)

Another "great man"
Beethoven admired Napoleon in his time, as did hundreds of artists and thinkers of the time. That the self-coronation of his hero made him doubt is also possible. But it is not superfluous to add here a matter of concrete life.

Prince Lobkowitz is one of the patrons who, four years after the premiere of the "Eroica", became a member of the so-called "pact of the three princes", by which Beethoven received an annual income of about four thousand florins for staying in Vienna, composing, and attending the evenings of his patrons, where, by the way, the master premiered his works.

Indeed, Symphony N°3, "Eroica", will have its premiere, in private, at Lobkowitz's house. If the hero had already fallen from his pedestal, there was a prince at hand with whom to ingratiate himself with concrete results.

Symphony No. 3 "Eroica"
The public performance will take place the following year, on April 7, 1805, at the Theatre an der Wien, Vienna, with Beethoven conducting. The work, magnificent, is the first in which the master departs from the pattern followed by Haydn, adopting a more personal language, which would be characteristic of later Beethoven. Its long duration (about an hour if all the indicated repetitions are performed) and its expressive intensity, both unusual features for the parameters of the early nineteenth century, bring the composition closer to the nascent Romantic postulates, despite the fact that it reflects the heritage, transformed, of Mozart, and also of Bach, through the former.

Movements:

00:23   Allegro con brio

16:25   Marcia funebre. Adagio assai

33:05   Scherzo. Allegro vivace - Trio

38:55   Finale. Allegro molto

The rendition is by the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, conducted by Daniel Barenboim, from the Royal Albert Hall of London (BBC Proms, 2012).

Albinoni, Oboe Concerto Op 9 No 2

Fictitious author of the most famous musical composition of a supposedly baroque era – the Adagio associated with his name –, Tomaso Albinoni was a highly prolific composer although today he is mainly remembered for his instrumental music and, of course, for the Adagio that made his name known to the general public, even though he was not the composer. His musical corpus includes no less than 80 operas, 40 cantatas, 79 sonatas, 50 concertos, and 8 symphonies.

Concerti a cinque
With his instrumental music, he took a step beyond the concerto grosso, initiating a form, the concerti a cinque, which emphasizes a soloist performer facing a reduced orchestral formation. This meant a profound change in the way music was made throughout Europe, since the individual work of the most skilled musician in a small orchestral ensemble, capable of mastering and overcoming all kinds of technical and interpretative difficulties, began to be valued. Thus the foundations were laid for the future virtuosity that would characterize the performer of concertos for solo instrument and orchestra as we know them today.

Concertos for oboe

Among his concerti a cinque, those composed for oboe stand out – at least eight, known – where the instrument is treated in a lyrical and melodic way as it had not been done until then, accompanied by a small string ensemble, consisting of two violins, viola, cello, and basso continuo.

Tomaso Albinoni (1671 - 1751)

Today it is customary to double the orchestral formation because, we imagine, the halls are larger and a greater sonority is required, and also because this way it is realized that we are facing the first concertos for soloist and orchestra, those dating from the first half of the eighteenth century, and whose authorship, now it is, we owe unequivocally to Tomaso Albinoni.

The most celebrated of his oboe concertos is Opus 9, No. 2, in D minor, from his first series of twelve concerti a cinque, printed in Amsterdam in 1722. The entire series is dedicated to Elector Massimilian II Emanuele of Bavaria.

Its movements are the usual three, following the scheme advocated by Vivaldi: fast-slow-fast.

01:30  Allegro e non presto

05:29  Adagio

09:32  Allegro

The rendition is by the ten-year-old oboist, Pijus Paškevičius, at a performance in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, in May 2013.