Mahler, Symphony No. 1 - Funeral March

 
By the mid-1880s, Gustav Mahler's prestige as a conductor was on the rise, and as a composer, he could showcase an early work, considered his first masterpiece, a cantata, completed in his early twenties. So he could present himself to the world as a composer of genius who by now was earning his living as a conductor of various orchestral ensembles in much of Europe. At the same time, his extreme severity, uprightness, and capacity for work began to become famous, as well as the usual endless rehearsal sessions.

Leipzig
After two successful seasons as conductor of the German Theater in Prague between 1884 and 1886, Mahler felt that the city had become too small for him and that it was time to look for new paths. His next destination was Leipzig, where a stroke of "luck" - the sudden illness of the elderly chief conductor - put him in a privileged position. The performances of Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung under his baton were a colossal success. From then on, his reputation in Leipzig was assured.

Gustav Mahler (1860 - 1911)

Marion
Soon after, he became acquainted with a grandson of Carl Maria von Weber, a personage who attracted Mahler's interest to work on the sketches of a comic opera that his grandfather had left unfinished. The task was enormous, so the work sessions multiplied, many of them at the grandson's house, whose wife was a beautiful woman named Marion. The 27-year-old Gustav soon fell in love with her.

Le au revoir
It is widely believed that the relationship was not reciprocated, but some testimonies assure that Marion also fell under the spell of the acclaimed director. At the end of the day, good sense prevailed and according to Alma Mahler in her memoirs, for Gustav "it was a relief that the train left without the woman who was going to flee in his company". However, the affair had a virtue: Mahler returned to composition and his First Symphony resulted.

Symphony No. 1 in D major ("Titan") - Third movement: Funeral march
Interestingly, the work is still named "Titan" in concert programs even though Mahler himself very early on discarded its original title. Composed of four movements, it was completed in 1888 and premiered in Budapest the following year.

Its third movement, deeply ironic according to connoisseurs, contains a funeral march based on the popular children's song Frére Jacques, which Mahler worked on in a minor key by entrusting its presentation to a solo double bass. The central trio, meanwhile, evokes slightly corny cabaret music from Vienna at the time.

The performance is by the Orquesta Juvenil Universitaria Eduardo Mata, from Mexico.

 

C.M. von Weber, Piano Concerto No 1

Like many the figures of German romanticism, Carl Maria von Weber was not only a renowned composer but also a conductor, piano virtuoso, novelist, and essayist. Born in a small town in northern Germany, his father initiated him early in music, hoping that he could emulate the then-famous musician and relative-in-law who, as a child, had become famous. Indeed, although more than twenty years younger, Carl Maria was a cousin of Constanze Weber, Mozart's wife.

First steps
But the father's longing for his own child prodigy was frustrated from the start. Although very talented, the little boy suffered from a congenital hip ailment that would never have withstood the strain of the extensive touring that Leopold Mozart had subjected Wolfgang and his sister to more than 30 years earlier. Nevertheless, little Carl Maria loved music and devoted himself to it with childlike passion. At the age of four, he was already singing and playing the piano with ease, even if walking was a little tricky for him.

C.M. von Weber (1786 - 1826)

The opera
By the age of 27, however, Carl Maria von Weber had become the director of the Prague Opera, where he remained for three years. He then traveled to Dresden where he composed his masterpiece, the one he is chiefly remembered for today, the opera Der Freischütz (The Marksman, or The Freeshooter), which premiered to great acclaim in Berlin in 1821.

This served as a stimulus to his determined efforts to reform German opera away from the dreadful Italian influence of the time. However, his second great success would be an English-language opera, after receiving an invitation to work in London. The result was Oberon, based on Shakespearean texts, well received by English audiences although only its overture is performed today.

The Piano Concertos
Of course, von Weber also ventured into symphonic music and composition for various instruments and orchestra. Especially well known are his concerto for clarinet and orchestra and his two piano concertos, the latter written before his stay in Prague, in 1810 and 1812. Both of them are highly dependent – according to scholars – on Beethoven's concertos Nos. 1 and 5 (including the tonalities), but the beautiful themes and their melodic development are more overtly romantic, and naturally, genuinely Weberian.

Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major
In a performance by the chamber ensemble of young musicians New York Metamorphoses Orchestra, conducted by the Russian-born Eugene Sirokine, we present here the Concerto No. 1 in C major, premiered in Mannheim in 1810 with its composer at the piano.

Movements:

00:00  Allegro

09:40  Adagio

13:40  Finale. Presto

Gershwin: "An American in Paris"

Before he was 25 years old, George Gershwin had obtained a resounding success with the orchestral piece Rhapsody in blue, which premiered in February 1923 with the author as soloist. This was followed by four years of great success in his theatrical career, devoted to writing music for Broadway revues. On the "serious" side, he added the Piano Concerto of 1925, with similar success to the Rhapsody, and the Preludes for piano, the following year, equally applauded.

In Paris, 1928
The succession of achievements never seemed to end, but in 1927 he had to endure the small misstep of a satirical political comedy that turned out to be a failure. This perhaps reminded him of his friends and some critics who advised him to dedicate himself a little more to "serious music" and a little less to show business. Be that as it may, the following year Gershwin undertook a trip to Europe. Settling in Paris, he tried to persuade Ravel, Milhaud, and Prokofiev to give him lessons. Although pleasantly surprised, the masters refused. If Mr. Gershwin was concerned that his knowledge was purely intuitive, the masters felt that all that was enough.

A little trip to Vienna
Half confused, half flattered, Gershwin undertook a trip to Vienna. There he met Alban Berg. He did not ask him for lessons, as Berg, as soon as he met him, did everything he could to encourage him to continue on his own original path. Back in the French capital, Gershwin began to write his first and only programmatic work, the symphonic piece An American in Paris, released in December of 1928 with the New York Philharmonic, and which was received with thoughtless delight, a few months before the onset of the Great Depression.

George Gershwin (1898 - 1937)

An American in Paris, symphonic poem for orchestra

A light work, its music tries to suggest the Parisian journey of an American tourist, describing his impressions and moods: first, a walk accompanied by honking horns, then moments of self-absorption, a dialogue with someone (commissioned to violin and viola, 7:48), some homesickness (the blues, 8:42), a new dialogue perhaps with a countryman (the Charleston, 13:45). After the majestic recapitulation of the blues (15:50), the theme of the initial promenade resurfaces and others are repeated. The work concludes after a powerful coda.

The performance is by The Moscow City Symphony Orchestra, conducted by American maestro Hobart Earle.

Mozart, Piano Concerto No 12

By the end of 1782, twenty-six-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had set foot firmly in Vienna, ready to make a name for himself as an independent musician, after leaving the Salzburg court and his hated patron Colloredo in the middle of the previous year.

Disregarding the advice of his father Leopold, he had also married Constanze Weber, a somewhat sickly girl, six years his junior, who would bear him six children only two of whom would reach adulthood.

The production of piano concertos
So he was faced with the challenge of conquering Vienna, and at the same time supporting a family, ensuring his health and well-being. The solution to such a challenge came through a fruitful production of piano concertos, for which Mozart was the performer, conductor, and producer of the event in which he unveiled them.

Between the autumn of 1782 and 1786, he composed the non-negligible sum of fifteen piano concertos, an enormous production that began with concertos Nos. 11, 12, and 13, at the end of 1782, intended to be premiered in the 1783 "season".

In a letter to his father dated December 28, 1782, Mozart describes the character of these pieces thus:

"...they are a fair medium between the too easy and the too difficult; they are quite brilliant, pleasing to the ear, and of natural unfolding, without becoming trivial. From time to time, passages appear that only connoisseurs can appreciate, but these passages are written in such a way that even the less demanding can be satisfied, even if they do not know why."

Concerto No. 12, in A major, K 414
The second concerto of the above series, No. 12, is a light work in the sense that it is written for a small orchestra. Consequently, it could also be performed at a family evening by a keyboard and string quartet, thus extending Mozart's potential demand after its publication and thereby increasing his income. Constanze welcomed the idea.

Movements
Structured in the traditional way, fast-slow-fast movements, its parts are:

00       Allegro
11:03  Andante (The main theme is taken from an overture by Johann Christian Bach, Mozart's childhood friend and teacher).
19:35  Allegretto

The performance is by Russian pianist and conductor Vladimir Ashkenazy, in the role of soloist and conductor.

 

Paganini, Violin Concerto No 4

None of Niccolo Paganini's six violin concertos was published during his lifetime. The famous violinist and composer from Verona used to take care of the orchestral parts zealously, to the point of providing the scores to the orchestra on the same day of the rehearsal. At the end of the session, he would carefully remove them, one by one, to deliver them again on the performance's day, when he would repeat the maneuver, and then take them with him. This attitude did not help much in the diffusion of his work, of course, but it happens that in a world with author's rights in its infancy, it was necessary to take care of the material that allowed him to live.

Living a good life
Paganini, actually, made a good living from his work. At a very young age, he left his father's home to launch out on his own as a virtuoso violinist. Soon his fame and talent allowed him to travel all over Europe, with public appearances that were eagerly awaited and attended with delirious enthusiasm, worthy of any rock star of our times. Besides the myth of the pact with the devil, it was also said that inside his instrument he had hidden the spirit of some trapped maidens who would sing for him.

Niccolo Paganini (1782 - 1840)

Violin Concertos 
According to today's scholars, it was a virtuosity lacking in content. That is why few of his works are performed today. And of his six violin concertos, it has been said that it is only one with some variations. A bit overstated, but there is some truth in it, for it was impossible for the master with a busy schedule to come up with something completely new every time. Besides, "his audience" enthusiastically attended his concerts to hear the great virtuoso of the time working wonders with the instrument, not necessarily to hear works at first hearing.

Violin Concerto No. 4
And of course, for those familiar with Violin Concerto No. 1, the similarities that Violin Concerto No. 4 has with it are obvious (and also with No. 2). But as has already been said, Paganini lived off his audience. He knew what they liked, and he acted accordingly.

The work was composed during a tour of Germany between 1829 and 1830 after the triumphant debut he had achieved in Vienna in 1828 with the three previous concertos.

Movements

00        Allegro maestoso  -  The orchestra exposes the main themes, as usual. At minute 3:32 the solo violin makes its appearance.

17:23  Adagio flebile con sentiment  - Lyrical and light (flebile), with an overtly Italian character.

24:13  Rondo galante - Andantino gaio   -  At 32:06, the rondo gives way to a joyful andantino (gaio). Brilliant ending.

The version (audio only) is by Italian maestro Salvatore Accardo and The London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Charles Dutoit.